Understanding the Infamous Milgram Experiment

In the 1960s, psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of studies on the concepts of obedience and authority. His experiments involved instructing study participants to deliver increasingly high-voltage shocks to an actor in another room, who would scream and eventually go silent as the shocks became stronger. The shocks werent real, but study participants were made to believe that they were. Today, the Milgram experiment is widely criticized on both ethical and scientific grounds. However, Milgrams conclusions about humanitys willingness to obey authority figures remain influential and well-known. Key Takeaways: The Milgram Experiment The goal of the Milgram experiment was to test the extent of humans willingness to obey orders from an authority figure.Participants were told by an experimenter to administer increasingly powerful electric shocks to another individual. Unbeknownst to the participants, shocks were fake and the individual being shocked was an actor.The majority of participants obeyed, even when the individual being shocked screamed in pain.The experiment has been widely criticized on ethical and scientific grounds. Milgram’s Famous Experiment In the most well-known version of Stanley Milgrams experiment, the 40 male participants were told that the experiment focused on the relationship between punishment, learning, and memory. The experimenter then introduced each participant to a second individual, explaining that this second individual was participating in the study as well. Participants were told that they would be randomly assigned to roles of teacher and learner. However, the second individual was an actor hired by the research team, and the study was set up so that the true participant would always be assigned to the teacher role. During the study, the learner was located in a separate room from the teacher (the real participant), but the teacher could hear the learner through the wall. The experimenter told the teacher that the learner would memorize word pairs and instructed the teacher to ask the learner questions. If the learner responded incorrectly to a question, the teacher would be asked to administer an electric shock. The shocks started at a relatively mild level (15 volts) but increased in 15-volt increments up to 450 volts. (In actuality, the shocks were fake, but the participant was led to believe they were real.) Participants were instructed to give a higher shock to the learner with each wrong answer. When the 150-volt shock was administered, the learner would cry out in pain and ask to leave the study. He would then continue crying out with each shock until the 330-volt level, at which point he would stop responding. During this process, whenever participants expressed hesitation about continuing with the study, the experimenter would urge them to go on with increasingly firm instructions, culminating in the statement, You have no other choice, you must go on. The study ended when participants refused to obey the experimenter’s demand, or when they gave the learner the highest level of shock on the machine (450 volts). Milgram found that participants obeyed the experimenter at an unexpectedly high rate: 65% of the participants gave the learner the 450-volt shock. Critiques of the Milgram Experiment Milgram’s experiment has been widely criticized on ethical grounds. Milgram’s participants were led to believe that they acted in a way that harmed someone else, an experience that could have had long-term consequences. Moreover, an investigation by writer Gina Perry uncovered that some participants appear to not have been fully debriefed after the study—they were told months later, or not at all, that the shocks were fake and the learner wasn’t harmed. Milgram’s studies could not be perfectly recreated today, because researchers today are required to pay much more attention to the safety and well-being of human research subjects. Researchers have also questioned the scientific validity of Milgram’s results. In her examination of the study, Perry found that Milgram’s experimenter may have gone off script and told participants to obey many more times than the script specified. Additionally, some research suggests that participants may have figured out that the learner was not actually harmed: in interviews conducted after the study, some participants reported that they didn’t think the learner was in any real danger. This mindset is likely to have affected their behavior in the study. Variations on the Milgram Experiment Milgram and other researchers conducted numerous versions of the experiment over time. The participants levels of compliance with the experimenter’s demands varied greatly from one study to the next. For example, when participants were in closer proximity to the learner (e.g. in the same room), they were less likely give the learner the highest level of shock. Another version of the study brought three teachers into the experiment room at once. One was a real participant, and the other two were actors hired by the research team. During the experiment, the two non-participant teachers would quit as the level of shocks began to increase. Milgram found that these conditions made the real participant far more likely to disobey the experimenter, too: only 10% of participants gave the 450-volt shock to the learner. In yet another version of the study, two experimenters were present, and during the experiment, they would begin arguing with one another about whether it was right to continue the study. In this version, none of the participants gave the learner the 450-volt shock. Replicating the Milgram Experiment Researchers have sought to replicate Milgrams original study with additional safeguards in place to protect participants. In 2009, Jerry Burger replicated Milgram’s famous experiment at Santa Clara University with new safeguards in place: the highest shock level was 150 volts, and participants were told that the shocks were fake immediately after the experiment ended. Additionally, participants were screened by a clinical psychologist before the experiment began, and those found to be at risk of a negative reaction to the study were deemed ineligible to participate. Burger found that participants obeyed at similar levels as Milgram’s participants: 82.5% of Milgram’s participants gave the learner the 150-volt shock, and 70% of Burger’s participants did the same. Milgram’s Legacy Milgram’s interpretation of his research was that everyday people are capable of carrying out unthinkable actions in certain circumstances. His research has been used to explain atrocities such as the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide, though these applications are by no means widely accepted or agreed upon. Importantly, not all participants obeyed the experimenter’s demands, and Milgram’s studies shed light on the factors that enable people to stand up to authority. In fact, as sociologist Matthew Hollander writes, we may be able to learn from the participants who disobeyed, as their strategies may enable us to respond more effectively to an unethical situation. The Milgram experiment suggested that human beings are susceptible to obeying authority, but it also demonstrated that obedience is not inevitable. Sources Baker, Peter C. â€Å"Electric Schlock: Did Stanley Milgrams Famous Obedience Experiments Prove Anything?† Pacific Standard (2013, Sep. 10). https://psmag.com/social-justice/electric-schlock-65377Burger, Jerry M. Replicating Milgram: Would People Still Obey Today?.  American Psychologist 64.1 (2009): 1-11. http://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2008-19206-001Gilovich, Thomas, Dacher Keltner, and Richard E. Nisbett. Social Psychology. 1st edition, W.W. Norton Company, 2006.Hollander, Matthew. â€Å"How to Be a Hero: Insight From the Milgram Experiment.† HuffPost Contributor Network (2015, Apr. 29). https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how-to-be-a-hero-insight-_b_6566882Jarrett, Christian. â€Å"New Analysis Suggests Most Milgram Participants Realised the ‘Obedience Experiments’ Were Not Really  Dangerous.† The British Psychological Society: Research Digest (2017, Dec. 12). https://digest.bps.org.uk/2017/12/12/interviews-with-milgram-participants-provide-litt le-support-for-the-contemporary-theory-of-engaged-followership/Perry, Gina. â€Å"The Shocking Truth of the Notorious Milgram Obedience Experiments.† Discover Magazine Blogs (2013, Oct. 2). http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2013/10/02/the-shocking-truth-of-the-notorious-milgram-obedience-experiments/Romm, Cari. â€Å"Rethinking One of Psychologys Most Infamous Experiments.† The Atlantic (2015, Jan. 28). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/rethinking-one-of-psychologys-most-infamous-experiments/384913/

Operations Management ISO Certification for Riordan

ISO Certification for Riordan Slide 1 EMBED PowerPoint.Slide.8 Slide 2 EMBED PowerPoint.Slide.8 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an internationally recognized organization which creates and documents specific standards for different processes and industries and for firms which apply, the organization will assess the performance of the company and grant certification where the firm is compliant with the published standard (ISO, 2013). Currently more than 19,500 different standards are published, so it is likely for any firm. Such as Riordan, there are a number of ISOs which they may consider. Slide 3 EMBED PowerPoint.Slide.8 If a firm wishes to increase quality or overcome operational problems they may undertake this strategy using ISO documents, as they will layout the standards that are required, and can include technical requirements and guidance on the optimising of operational efficiency. The process of working towards an ISO will involve choosing the relevant standard and then assessing the current performance against that standard to identify shortfalls. This is one of the first stages in almost all quality improvement processes (Mintzberg et al., 2008). It is notable that when a firm starts to work towards an ISO, the process of improvement begins, and quality is likely to improve before the applications for certification, and even if certifications not gained, there may be significant improvements. Slide 4 EMBEDShow MoreRelatedOperations Management: ISO Implementations for Riordan Manufacturing718 Words   |  3 PagesISO Implementations for Riordan If Riordan Manufacturing is looking at acquiring ISO certification, the first consideration may be to determine which standard, or standards, may be relevant. For most firms there will be more than a single potential standard, the question will be to determine which would help the firm optimize its market position and support the business. Riordan are manufacturing fans, this is an area in which there are a number of standards; for example, ISO 5136:2003 deals withRead MoreReview of Riordan Manufacturing Business Systems3156 Words   |  13 PagesTeam B Review of Riordan Manufacturing Business Systems Greg Guntz, Jerad Kays, Armando Figueroa, Lanone Mayfield, Rich Roberts, Bill White University of Phoenix BSA/310 Business Systems Mission/Description Riordan Manufacturing is an industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding that has earned them international acclaim. (Apollo Group, Inc., 2004,). The mission that Riordan Manufacturing has embarked on will lead the company into the 21st century with a sound footing in theRead MoreRidoran Manufactoring1389 Words   |  6 PagesRiordan Manufacturing Compensation Plan Team B- Diana Barris, Nicole Bell, Jacqueline Chaney, Shawnda Davis, Hadeel Raouf, Kelly Tyler HRM/324 Annette Clark-Davis February 11, 2013 Riordan Manufacturing Compensation Plan Riordan Manufacturing is a worldwide plastics manufacturer that is headquartered in San Jose, California. Their organization has over 500 employees and prides themselves on providing their customers with high quality merchandise to satisfy their plastics needs. TheyRead MoreRiordan Manufacturing Project Sr-Rm-0022944 Words   |  12 PagesRUNNING HEAD: RIORDAN MANUFACTURING PROJECT Riordan Manufacturing Project Introduction Team B has obtained information for SR-rm-002 asking for an assessment for the development of an MRP system that would trace and run raw materials and give a finished product inventory. This evaluation is to help Riordan Manufacturing lessen the raw materials received at each plant, and manage and reduce the completed good inventory costs, at all its plants. This is a high levelRead MoreBsa 310 Riordan Business Systems Review5096 Words   |  21 PagesRiordan Manufacturing Business System Review Learning Team AA Team members BSA/310 April 22, 2011 Instructor Name Abstract Riordan Manufacturing has been on a steady growth pattern since it began in 1991. Riordan currently has multiple databases handling separate aspects of the company. Each branch of Riordan Manufacturing has its own databases for human resources, sales, accounting and finance, operations and security. This paper presents the problems this type of system can cause and recommendationsRead MoreRoadmap to Csr Sustainability in Healthcare16191 Words   |  65 Pages  Scorecard   has   two   parts.   Part   One    focuses   on   the   fundamentals   of   Corporate   Social   Responsibility   (CSR)   and   highlights   the    significance    of    CSR    in    hospital    operations.    This    part    also    provides    detailed    information    about    the    key    CSR    terms,    hospital    case    studies    and    significant    CSR    issues    relevant    to    hospital

Taking a Look at Hydrauling Fracturing - 829 Words

The crisis for obtaining fossil fuels such as oil and natural gases is at an all-time high. With the limited amounts and struggles of obtaining these needed natural resources for everyday use we find ourselves trying new technological advancements to extract these fossil fuels out of the ground. One way of doing so is through the use of fracking. Fracking is the extraction of natural gasses from shell rock deep beneath the earth’s surface. With the new scientific technological advancements of fracking we can obtain natural gasses in ways that were once un-thought of before. In many ways fracking is beneficial, fracking can provide vast amounts of natural gasses which can be used not only in our everyday lives, but can also be beneficial from an economic stand point as well. However, along with the benefits of fracking there also comes some drawbacks. The use of fracking can contaminate our water sources, and can also cause very large amounts of pollution, causing diseases and death. To get a clearer understanding of what fracking can do we must first learn how fracking works, its benefits for our economy, but also its drawbacks on the environment, and draw a conclusion on whether or not fracking is overall more beneficial or harmful. As explained earlier fracking or hydraulic fracking is the extraction of natural gasses from shell rock deep beneath the earth’s surface. Fracking makes it possible to extract and produce natural gases that were once unreachable with other

Essay The Theme of Honor in _Much Ado About Nothing_

Honour has never been easy to obtain. It is the characteristic that all strive for. It is an ambiguous measure of worth, and is only genuinely in the eyes of the beholder. Throughout the play Much Ado About Nothing, honour is pursued relentlessly by all of the characters, each in a unique way. The moral casualties on the pursuit for honour seem to be a direct result of the motivations of the pursuer. Claudio and Don Pedro have an extrinsically motivated drive for honour. They only want recognition, to wear it as a badge to show off their accomplishments. Benedick is motivated intrinsically, what he strives for is internal satisfaction, not recognition. Through wit, charm, selflessness and intrinsic motivations, he gains honour without†¦show more content†¦Claudio is quick to suggest that â€Å"...in the congregation where I should wed, there will I shame her† (III,ii,110-111). By being so hasty in believing Don John, Claudio undeniably displays his motivations are ext rinsic, and that his love for Hero comes after his love for glory. The loss in social standing Claudio would have incurred by marrying an unfaithful woman was clearly eclipsed by Hero’s dramatic fallout. Claudio is not the only one with honour invested in the marriage however; Don Pedro was paramount in facilitating their relationship, and could have also lost honour, had he not stepped in. â€Å"And as I wooed for thee to obtain her I will join with thee to disgrace her† (III,ii,112-113), Don Pedro says. Believing he could milk the marriage for all it is worth, Don Pedro made it abundantly clear that he orchestrated their engagement. By making his actions so public, as most extrinsically motivated people do, Don Pedro gave himself an opportunity for great profits, but with great potential for reward comes concomitant risk, which he now must scramble to hide. By putting themselves before others, Claudio and Don Pedro have created a moral dilemma. It should have not bee n difficult to disregard Don John’s lavish accusations, but by being so naive, they must now sacrifice Hero’s honour to avoid compromising their own. While not marrying an unfaithful woman

Communication Topic Paper Free Essays

Overcoming Diversity Barriers in Effective Communication Larry Rankin II HUB 640 National University Abstract Utilizing effective communication is becoming increasingly important as groups are becoming more diverse and varied across cultural barriers. The problems that face each person, community, and each country cannot be solved without global cooperation and Joint action. Changes in the world economy, transportation and communication are resulting in increased interdependence among individuals, groups, organizations, communities and societies. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Topic Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now With these changes, individuals must find ways to effectively interact and communicate with one another. In Walt Disney’s Beauty and the Beast, young Belle risks all and sacrifices her own freedom to save the life of her father’s, by living in the enchanted castle with the Beast. Although initially fearful of the Beast and horrified by his monstrous appearance, Belle is able to change her perception of him and becomes drawn to kind and sensitive nature. Ultimately the story ends in the â€Å"happily ever after† frame, but one of the key elements that remain in the mind of the audience is the idea of overcoming diversity in a relationship. One reason Beauty and the Beast retains its popularity is because this idea strikes a familiar chord within many members of the audience. Often individuals find themselves initially repelled by unfamiliarity, and then later becoming very close with the same premises and concepts that once seemed so foreign. The moral of this children’s tale shines through when we look at communication across cultures, whether in small or large groups. The diversity that exists among individuals creates an opportunity for both positive and negative outcomes when these individuals come together in groups to achieve a goal or complete a task Monsoon ; Johnson, 1989). More specifically, diversity among group members can result in beneficial consequences, such as increased achievement and productivity, creative problem solving, and growth in cognitive and moral reasoning. To the contrary, diversity among group members can also result in harmful consequences, such as lower achievement and productivity, close-minded rejection of new information, increased egocentrics, prejudice, stereotyping and racism. The pathway of diversity is ultimately determined by the willingness of the group members to utilize effective communication to propel the needs of the group as a whole while respecting the culture and diversity of its individual members (p. 461). Diversity among group members is an important resource that can be utilized to improve the group’s productivity. While doing so may not be easy, it is important to understand that there are a number of barriers to effective interactions with culturally diverse groups. These include stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination, he tendency to blame the victim, and cultural clashes. Stereotypes Stereotypes can be found everywhere, and everyone has them. Stereotypes are a product of the way the mind stores, organizes, and recalls information. They are used to describe differences among groups and to predict how others will behave. They reduce complexities, assist in making quick decisions, fill in gaps of what is known, and help to recognize patterns needed to draw conclusions. In modern thought, stereotypes are defined as â€Å"a belief that associates a whole group of people with certain traits. Stereotypes are (1) cognitive; (2) reflect a set of related beliefs rather than isolated behaviors; (3) describe attributes, personalities, and characters so that groups can be compared and differentiated; and are shared by individuals and groups holding them (Cashmere Del Boca, 1979). Prejudice and Discrimination To be prejudiced meaner, literally, to prejudge, however, prejudice can be defined as an unjustified negative attitude toward a person based solely on that individual’s membership in a group other than one’s own. Stereotypes taken to extremes, restudies are Judgments made about others that establish a superiority/inferiority belief system. If one person dislikes another simply because that other is identified with a different ethnic group, sex, religion, socio-economic status, or creed, then prejudice is present (Lopper, 1954). Ethnocentrism is the tendency to regard one’s own ethnic group, nation, religion, or culture as better or more â€Å"correct† than others. When ethnocentrism is present, the standards and values of our culture are used as a yardstick to measure the worth of other ethnic groups. Ethnocentrism is often perpetuated by cultural conditioning. As children, individuals are raised to fit a into a particular culture, and conditioned to respond to various situations in similar ways that are modeled by the adults (Rotary, Evans, ; Fuller, 1979). Racism is a prejudice directed at people because of their race, or ethnic membership. Although scientific evidence indicates that only one human race exists, with many variations, various other people assume that biological differences exist as evidenced by physical appearances. Race has taken on a social meaning, suggesting one’s status within the social construct. This status structure introduces power preferences as people of different constructs interact with one another (Steele Aaron’s, 1995). When prejudice is acted upon, it is discrimination. Discrimination is an action taken to harm a group or any of its members. It is a negative, and often aggressive action aimed at the target of the prejudice. Discrimination is aimed at denying members of the targeted groups treatment and opportunities equal to those afforded to the dominant group. To reduce prejudices, use of stereotypes, and potential to discriminate, the following steps may be utilized Monsoon ; Johnson, 1999): 1) admit to having prejudices (everyone does; there are no exceptions) and commit to reducing them; 2) Identify the stereotypes that reflect the presence of prejudices and feedback from diverse friends and colleagues about how well the value and respect for diversity are being communicated. Blaming the victim Many people believe the world is Just a place where individuals â€Å"get what they deserve†, (I. E. Winning the lotto is a result of being a nice person who deserves some good luck, or being robbed is the result of being careless and is punishment for past misdeeds). The question arises then, â€Å"what happens when the situations appear unjust? † One method that is utilized and present in much of the communications between individuals is to blame the victim by convincing the self, that no injustice actually occurred. Victims of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination are often seen as â€Å"having done something wrong. † Blaming the victim occurs when the cause of discrimination or misfortune is attributed to the personal characteristics of the victim (Hellhole, 1994). Culture Clash Another common barrier to effective communications across divers cultures is the dead of cultural clash. Cultural clashes are conflicts over basic values that occur when members of minority groups question the values of the majority. Common reaction by majority group members when their values are being questioned are feeling: 1) Threatened: their responses include avoidance, denial, and defensiveness; 2) Confused: their responses include seeking more information in an attempt to redefine the problem; 3) Enhanced: their responses include heightened anticipation, awareness, and positive actions that lead to solving the problem (Outsold, 1991). Many cultural clashes develop in and between groups. These clashes range from threatening to confusing to enhancing, and when handled appropriately, these clashes are another form of conflict and they can serve as learning experiences rather than barriers. In our increasingly global community, highly diverse individuals interact daily, studying, working, and playing together in small groups. Rapidly growing global interdependence and the increasing emphasis on teamwork have resulted in groups with quite diverse membership. Diversity among members is no longer exceptional or optional; it is the everyday rule. Individuals are expected to interact effectively and utilize appropriate communication skills among people with a variety of characteristics and backgrounds. Doing so has many advantages, including increased group productivity on a variety of tasks. Heterogeneity in groups also increases the difficulty of developing cohesive relationships among its members and increases the potential for conflict among members. For group members to capitalize on their differences, a high level of cultural competence and awareness must be implemented into the daily communications, to ensure that a high level of positive interdependence exists among group members. This can be accomplished by using communication to create a subordinates group identity based on a pluralistic set of values, enabling members to gain sophistication about the differences among members through personal relationships that have sufficient trust to allow for candid discussions Monsoon ;Johnson, 2005). How to cite Communication Topic Paper, Papers

Graphic Fiction Visitors in the Night Essay Example For Students

Graphic Fiction Visitors in the Night Essay A good piece of art is successful in making the viewers feel something; pain, happiness, anger, rage etc. A comic is a very well blended piece of art that does just that; comic artists use their lines, shapes and words to make statements about things that affect people in day-to-day lives. Debbie Drechsler’s comic, â€Å"Visitors in the Night† is a semi-autobiography of her life and it mentions instances of her experience with incest: her dad used to force himself upon her. Debbie took solace in her art and it became a medium for her to express her feelings. â€Å"Visitors in the Night† is reflective of Debbie’s own dark past and it evokes strong feelings of sympathy, rage and disgust in the readers. The panels focused on are on page 218, where Lily’s father peeks inside her bedroom wondering if she is asleep, a brief moment of silent reaction from Lily, and then a disgusting one of the father’s penis where his words are just as sickening as the image. The entire outlook of the comic is really dark; it makes use of just black and white, which is reflective of the title â€Å"Visitors in the Night†, and also the disturbing content, which just like the colors used, is very dark. The father’s face throughout the panels is always shadowed in black and Lily’s in white, which is the artist’s way of reflecting their contrasting characters on their faces. The faces drawn are more realistic than iconic, they are showing facial expressions in great detail and one can see the inhumane predator look in the father’s eyes. He is bent over Lily and is touching her blanket in all the wrong places. The artist drew Lily’s face in a realistic manner as well, her expressions are subjective of her feelings; with her eyes shut tightly and her mouth all twisted, she is grabbing the pillow in great turmoil with the word balloon saying â€Å"please, please go away†. This specific moment in the comic is truly heartbreaking as the reader can visually see the pain the little girl is going through and is enraged by the look on the father’s face as his intentions are very specific and clear. The panels are drawn very neatly and in synchronization. There is very minimal gutter space between two panels and the transition between them is action-to-action. The father is seen entering the room, bending over Lily and taking off his robe. The entire sequence takes hardly a minute to read but the content is so overwhelming that the reader just has to stop and lament over the little girl’s fate; this is exactly how Lily would feel, that the process takes ages and she just wants it to be over. Debbie used her comic to be more expressive about things as a woman and talk about such uncomfortable taboos. She did not try to sugar coat things and stated the reality of her life directly, unlike her Lily’s father using words like â€Å"honey† and â€Å"little girl†. This comic is very thought provoking and just like other pieces of art, is an effort to make people aware of the reality of life and evoke strong emotions in them. Bibliography: Drechsler, Debbie. Visitors in the Night. An Anthology of Graphic Fiction, Cartoons, True Stories,. Eds. Ivan Brunetti. New Haven: Yale UP, 2006: 218-23.

World Trade Organization Effective Business Organization

Question: Describe about the World Trade Organization for Effective Business Organization. Answer: Introduction This paper is designed to provide a broad scope analysis of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The objectives, policies and foundational reasons upon which its operation is built, are the things discussed in the paper. The paper evaluates how effective the organization has been to the members in creating a favorable, competitive and open market trade. It dwells on some of the member countries by evaluating the winners and losers on the trade improvements of WTO. World Trade Organization is an organization with a vested interest in the free and negotiable trade environment. It creates open trading conditions to members by eliminating barriers and regulations hindering business partners from trading freely. It provides an elaborative and well-defined platform for country members to solve their business disputes and differences. Often, less developed members enjoy the opportunity to develop their market capacity among the developed nations. The WTO has it's headquartered in Geneva Switzerland where delegates, ambassadors or ministers of members states meet in a span of one per two years (Chien-Huei. 2012). Its ideologies are developed and evaluated by the secretariats who are experts in various professions. They deliberate and discuss upon the fate of the organization. Progress, challenges, and changes about market dynamisms are identified and implemented by the Secretariat. Every member country must have its representative in the meetings secluded to evaluate the progressiveness of the WTO (World Trade Organization 2014). The WTO is about peaceful trade coexistence and round table solution of trade conflicts and disputes (Amrita et al. 2012). It champions for progress in negotiating business and commerce opportunity among member states without discriminations on financial capacity or production level. Evidently, it has enhanced market opening, barrier removal and consumer protection against harmful and substandard comm odities. Free flow of trade promoted by WTO, helps nations to create employment opportunities, improve global trade integration of both developed and developing countries and creates confidentiality among companies, industries, firms and governments on the business requirements establishment for guidance on business commodities and practices (Kateryna 2014). The rules enhance certainty on what to trade and how to make a trade in the global market. The above benefits accrued by producers, distributors, and consumers due to the existence of the WTO aim at maximizing global economic growth. In situations where member countries have conflict in interest, the WTO intervenes to offer a consultative and directive solution in a manner that embraces accommodative and cohesive operations (Amrita et al. 2012). The WTO was formed to adhere to the objectives of The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT was established in 1947, but the formation of WTO picked its dream of creating a free trade environment with regulations and rules well known to all members of the global market registered as members. The structured systems of the WTO are to streamline the market system to incorporate market economy in the international trade system to eliminate complicated barriers and tariffs that are not important in the global market and to use good rules that are not aimed at preventing a given party from participating in the market. This concept motivates the productive use of limited resources to provide a maximized satisfaction of needs to a potential population globally. Upon creating an accommodative environment for trading partners, the organization facilitates sustainability, protection, and preservation of business trade environment. Thereby, fueling fertile conditions to make the deal without uncertainty or unreliability of environmental challenges to arise in a global market (Chien-Huei 2012). The WTO do consider the need to cater for developing countries interests in the structured document of rules and regulations to facilitate their economic expansion in trade. This is evident in the membership register which contains the majority of less developed countries. The Principles of the WTO The WTO operates under the legalized conditions. They are the principles of the WTO and include; A) Non-Discriminatory System The trading system laid by the WTO Is aimed at eliminating any indication of discriminatory behavior in the market (Aik and Bart 2014). The trading partners are, therefore, tried to remain fair and equal to all member countries. It is the most integrated principal of the WTO, with two categories: a) The Most favored nation principle. It states that members of the WTO are supposed to get equal treatment. In case two partners are involved in a trade and they are all members of the WTO then an advantage is realized, the members are all guaranteed to enjoy the benefit without favoring a member. Therefore, all members should treat each other with a level of equality in the case of any advantage in the trading process (William 2012). About tariffs and barriers, a change of their restriction should be projected to all members of the WTO without subjecting others to different restriction levels. However, a member can decide to provide this advantage to a member of the WTO but deny a similar position to a non-member. Thus exempting a non-member from enjoying an advantage enjoyed by members of the organization. This principle is often followed by members due to its significant benefits it provides to countries. These advantages are; Provision of equal access to international markets accrued from the agreement terms enabling all countries regardless of financial muscles to access freely international markets without overestimated restrictions (William 2012). Ensuring maximization of efficiency through importation from most talented producer or supplier of a product and services Reduction in the cost of administering the trade rules due to the ability of equal level of treatment among the member states (Uri and Chiedu 2015). Minimization of the costs of trade negotiations. This is practical due to a multilateral kind of agreement that pools many countries together to avoid the use of the bilateral system with expensive procedures (Aik and Bart 2014). b) The principle of nation treatment. This principle argues that both foreigners and locals are treated equally as long as they are members of the WTO. It does not allow for segmentation on the foreign and domestic products and services. It prevents a nation from favoring its goods and services against foreign goods from a member country. Its baseline is to create an opportunity for fair competition among the products and services in the market. B) Open Operation Principle The organization is founded on the importance of having a free tariff and barriers kind of business activity (Aik and Bart 2014). The blocks created by some of the trading partners are not part of the WTO agreement. It limits the rate of tariff and barrier applications as a means of encouraging a free trade among the members. The reduction or elimination of trade barriers and tariffs require a continuous process with the benchmark of the WTO. Under the principle, import taxes are not encouraged in business. It provides an advantage to local good while restricting the competitiveness of foreign commodities in the market. Even though import tariff is a common practice that provides a government of domestic goods with revenue, it is as per the WTO appropriate to regulate the level of its application about member states. Through multilateral agreements, it is being reduced with general global levels of tariffs. The members are demanded to abide by the negotiations of embracing an approved amount to be charged to achieve an optimal level of taxes charged on imports efficiently. This is made predictable and stable through records in the schedules of agreements. Apart from tariffs on imports, the WTO can have a quantitative restriction. This is a limitation on the quantity allowed for importation or exportation at a defined period of trade (World Trade Organization 2016). This enhances a general identification on the level of the products or services needed for importation or exportation in a given member country. C) Predictability and Transparency The operations among the members are it in a foreign or domestic country should not feel frustrated by expectations of changes in barriers or tariff level (Aik and Bart 2014). Both investors and traders are usually able to predict the variations in these restrictions due to guidelines outlined in the WTO agreements and terms. Thus enhances persistence and likely economic changes. Often, predictable and stable economic environment boosts employment opportunity creation and motivates levels of investments because important partners can predict and determine the revenue accrual ability. Member States enjoy skilled trade among members if there is a transparency criterion on the practices of countries and their respective governmental regulations (Aik and Bart 2014). Thus a member remains upright on the projected changes. The following practices are encouraged by the WTO to practice transparency, exhaustively; Publication of trade regulations by a domestic country Notifying the WTO on the trade measures a country has decided to put in place Having a database where all changes in respective countrys terms of trade are pooled D) Competitiveness The WTO encourages competitions that are healthy in the market. It does not allow for the use of subsidies to attract consumers and use of products in the market which are below the standard products value. Dumping of goods is also prohibited by WTO. E) Protection of the Environment The organization agrees on the need to provide protection to not only the environment but also the health sectors considered necessary. These health sectors are; plant, public and animal (Andrew 2013). While in business either in a foreign or domestic country, the protection of the environment is critical, and any use of environment contrary to WTO agreements is punishable as per the policies. F) Developing Less Developed Countries than Developed Countries The aim of the WTO formation was to create an environment that creates equal opportunities for member nations. It sought to boost economic levels of less developed countries to at least improve towards those of the developed countries. Among the factors influencing this principle is the need to provide benefits to less developed countries. These countries are known for their economic size and transition ability. These countries are lagging behind on the poverty and financial standards. Their main exports are in raw form without undergoing any processing stage thus accruing low-income capacity compared to countries exporting finished products. Such countries are favored through; Flexibility if rights directly aimed at them in the WTO process of decision making. Training and providing technical assistance to them to boost their morale of negotiation in the WTO decision processes. Promoting programs such as Trade Initiatives to enhance their capacity building. Developed nations are having a global exposure greater than less developed; the integration demonstrated by the WTO thus existed to expose these countries by mingling and trading together with developed nations. These are expected to gain more privileges as opposed to developed countries. Roles of the WTO in the Global Trade Market Perform negotiations on trade. The primary mandate of the WTO is to have trade talks about products, services and intellectual property (Justin et al. 2014). It forms the principles guiding the mechanisms of liberalizing business and eliminating reduced tariffs and barriers. It defines the agreement between countries depending on the product of specialization and how the product from various countries are accommodated in the same market situation under the similar market system. Providing solutions to disputes or conflicts. It has a framework on how to deal with conflicts or disputes resulting from production, distribution or consumption mechanisms (Elimma 2011). The rules made under the Dispute, and Settlement Understanding is used appropriately to iron differences among trading partners. In the process of solving disputes, affected countries are given the opportunity to analyze the guidelines of the agreement terms and finally, decide on their actions without being subjected to har sh judgments (Marina 2012). Implementation and monitoring of agreements. To get a membership, a responsible country must comply with the contract terms. The terms require member countries to remain transparent and stable on their trade terms and be consistent with the WTO requirements (Elimma 2011). To ascertain the authenticity of holding the agreements conditions, the WTO always implement and monitors member countrys adherence. It is, therefore, an obligation to the organization to keep countries on track of performance through their abidance by the terms. Provision of developmental support and trade capacity building. Among the agreements in the WTO documents, development of countries and building business capacity are taken care of through implementation of the regulations outlined (Kimberly 2016). Development of countries requires enough periods of operation with the WTO to enhance the possibility of identifying right projects to inject in a country. Also, it relies on a countrys commitment to the agreements outlined. Development of member countries incorporates infrastructural and trade expansion. Organization of outreach activities. Through the incorporation of different relevant bodies to help in creating awareness about the WTO activities, it reaches many people who need the services and information disseminated (World Trade Organization 2016). The WTO in most cases uses non-organizational bodies to help in promoting its aims to capture a larger population. International agencies are also involved in the WTO as well as media fraternity. The outreach programs enlighten the global on the importance of creating a free global trade that does not hinder investors and traders from participating in businesses of their choice as much as guidelines are provided (Kimberly 2016). Member countries of the WTO Countries have joined the WTO due to the benefits enjoyed by the member states. Even though there is a principle that creates more benefits to some countries than others, countries and economic analysts believe that joining the WTO creates several global opportunities in trade. Among the benefits are; trade openness, reduced tariffs, and barriers, faith methods of solving disputes, lower retaliations from behaviors of ant partner, and business capacity buildings (Elimma 2011). These benefits lure nonmembers to join and prevent members from leaving the organization. Currently, the organization has 162 member states who are mandated to equal trade opportunities in the countries of countries. A large percentage of the members are developing countries, with developed countries representing only a third of the total population. The remaining countries who do not belong are portraying different reactions. Some countries are prospects with few remaining processes to be registered as members. Although the principles of the WTO demonstrate the need to provide an environment that promotes parallel developments and benefits to countries, there has been a lot of contradictions on the countries that benefits most. Most scholars, in agreement with the GATT arguments, declare that developed countries enjoy the WTO benefits as opposed to developing countries. Developing countries lack well-placed structures to boost the policies and negotiations upon which the WTO operates (Julia 2011). Thus, developed countries exploit the gaps left by developing countries to benefit. Beneficiaries of the WTO China and the USA have benefited most from the organization compared to other members of the group. These countries have structures and infrastructure required by the WTO to facilitate healthy and productive trade globally (Chien-Huei 2012). China being a new member, has enjoyed a lot of benefits due to institutionalization it carried while seeking for membership. It has enjoy maximized economic rise. China has experienced a stable external financial exposure due to reduced restrictions that only favored its already finished products. Apart from enjoying stable external financial exposure, China is at the helm of a steady economic growth at the expense of other countries. This is due to the efficient and re-allocation of resources it has embraced totally with the regulations of the WTO. Its technological and innovative ability necessitates the growth ladder in almost all the member states economies. It sells its products in every market approve free for access by the organization (Fa ct Sheets on the European Union 2016). Countries like Cape Verde are favored by the principle clause that provides more benefits to countries with weak economic stability through support developmental programs and building capacity. Though, fewer benefits are realized due to a poor infrastructure network and poorly structured systems. Cape Verde relies much on the supportive services offered through development programs to fill the gaps in its economic cycle. Though, in a real sense, the organizations main agenda is to provide equal opportunities to members to exploit possible disparities in the trade to capture more consumers and thus attain a progressive economic growth. Conclusion The WTO has done and is still doing a lot of tremendous work to ensure integration of trade operations. It has created a rich opportunity for both developed and developing countries to use to achieve and maintain their economic status. Elimination of reduced tariffs on imported product and reduction of barriers in the global member markets are significant development through which free and the accountable market has been expanded to both producers of raw goods and finished goods. Even though the WTO has framed principles that guide members behaviors in the market, developing countries should wake from their slumber to make use of the great opportunities opened in the international markets. They are to embrace new technology and innovation like developed countries, an action that will increase the level of revenue recognition if they use the new technology to sell already processed products. The large market opened by the WTO should be enough to provide developing countries with an op portunity to decide and control their production sectors. This is made possible through free market interaction that can help one with ideological borrowing. To conclude, the WTO has alt of advantages as opposed to disadvantages. Therefore, a dedicated member cannot fail to accrue benefits at the long run. References Aik H., and Bart D. Meester. 2014. WTO Domestic Regulation and Services Trade: Putting Principles into Practice. Cambridge University Press. Amrita N., Martin D., and Robert M. 2012. The Oxford Handbook on the World Trade Organization. Published by OUP Oxford. Andrew Linzey. 2013. The Global Guide to Animal Protection. Published by University of Illinois Press. 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